http://hdl.handle.net/10401/5951
Avances en Salud Mental Relacional
Advances in Relational Mental Health
ISSN 1579-3516 - Vol. 12 - Núm. 3 - Diciembre 2013
Órgano Oficial de expresión de la Fundación OMIE
Revista Internacional On-Line / An International On-Line Journal
THE EVOLUTION OF AUTOGENIC PSYCHOTHERAPY IN SPAIN
Luis de Rivera, MD, FRCPC. Professor of Psychiatry
www.psicoter.es
It is difficult to understand the development of autogenic training in Spain without realizing how
devastated Spanish Psychiatry was after the Civil War. Most of its prominent practitioners were forced
into exile. Mira-Lopez, the inventor of the myokinetic test, went to England. Angel Garma went to
Argentina, where he soon became the president of Buenos Aires Psychoanalytic Association. Miguel
Prados went to Canada, were he co-founded McGill University Psychiatry Department. Tosquelles went
to France, were he was soon the director of a most progresist psychiatric hospital. De Ajuriaguerra
became University Professor and the Chairman of Genève´s celebrated Psychiatric Services... Spanish
Psychiatry became stagnant for decades, but Spain´s loss became the World´s gain. When Schultz´s
Autogenes Training was first translated into Spanish in 1954 (1), there were few high ranking
professionals available to take the lead.
An exception was Ramón Sarro, who in 1958 organized an International Psychotherapy Congress in
Barcelona, attended by Schultz himself. Soon, autogenic training was of notice to medical specialists,
such as the internist Rof-Carballo, the pioneer of Psychosomatic Medicine in Spain, and the gynecologist
Aguirre de Carcer, a pioneer of natural childbirth. Meanwhile, Lopez-Ibor, a brilliant clinician and a fierce
opponent of psychoanalysis, opened his Chair in Madrid University to a young Colombian
neuropsychiatrist, Alfonso Caycedo, who in October 1960 founded the first Department of Clinical
Sophrology in the Madrid Provincial Hospital. Little is known of Caycedo´s teachers and training, but his
method constitutes an interesting amalgamation of autogenic training with hypnotism, yoga and a few
original contributions. Like Emile Coué´s autosuggestion method in the XIX century ("Every day, in every
way, I'm getting better and better"), Caycedo´s "Dynamic Relaxation" took its surroundings by storm,
spreading soon to Catalonia, France and, of course, South America. Like Coue´s, its fame was short-lived.
However, it left the medical and psychological professions with the misleading perception that
autogenic training was a soft kind of hypnosis, of marginal scientific interest and of minor use, at the
most, an adjuvant treatment for somatized anxiety. Lack of proper instructors, excess of amateur
practitioners and bold unsubstantiated claims brought relaxation techniques in general into disrepute,
and finally into oblivion.
© 2014 CORE Academic, Instituto de Psicoterapia
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The evolution of Autogenic Psychotherapy in Spain
Fig. 1 Nomination of ICAT member representing Spain
It was not until the mid-seventies, with the return of young professionals trained abroad, mainly in
North-America and in Switzerland, that autogenic training took a new turn. The Spanish Society for
Autogenic Psychotherapy was founded in 1979; in 1995 changed its name to Spanish Association of
Psychotherapy, but kept in its By-laws the "study, application and development of autogenic
approaches" as one of its aims. Jose Guimon, a disciple of De Ajuriaguerra, founded in Bilbao the first
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University Chair of Psychiatry in the Basque Country, where he introduced "psychotonic reeducation",
his teacher´s version of autogenic training. Soon, he invited his long-time friend and colleague Luis G. de
Rivera, a close disciple of Wolfgang Luthe and the member of I.C.A.T.1 representing Spain, to impart
regular seminars on autogenic training in the Bilbao Institute of Psychotherapy. Jose Guimón was also
the director of the first Spanish doctoral thesis in Autogenic Therapy, read in the University of Bilbao, in
which the studies by Luis de Rivera on the treatment of Temporal Lobe epilepsy with autogenic training
were reported (2).
In 1986 Luis G. de Rivera became the first Chairman of Psychiatry in the University of La Laguna in the
Canary Islands, where autogenic training began to be regularly taught to medical students. Several
doctoral dissertations were read on different aspects of the method, like Manuel Henry´s Autogenic
Therapy of Bronchial Asthma (3), Garcia-Trujillo´s Subjective Experiences during the Autogenic State (4),
Rodriguez-Abuin´s Stress Reactivity in Temporo-Mandibular Dysfunction (5), Moron´s Autogenic
Psychotherapy and Stress Prevention in Children (6), Salom-Serra´s Introduction of Auto-relaxation
techniques in Medicine (7)...
Over the last decade, several University postgraduate programs in Clinical Psychology and
Psychotherapy have introduced autogenic training in their curriculum. The core of the "Diploma de
Formación Superior en Psicoterapia" (Diploma on High Training in Psychotherapy) offered by the
Universidad Autonoma de Madrid between 2004 and 2011 was built around the autogenic approach.
The current Spanish standard textbook on basic autogenic psychotherapy, sponsored by the UNED and
the Spanish Association of Psychotherapy, evolved from the lectures imparted since 1997 in the Master
"Psychopatology and Health" organized by the UNED (8,9). Likewise, Autogenic Psychotherapy is
regularly present at Spanish Scientific Meetings. International Congresses celebrated in Madrid, such as
the X Congress of the International College of Psychosomatic Medicine (10) and the X World Congress of
Psychiatry (11) both of which included symposia on Autogenic Psychotherapy, attended by distinguished
speakers such as Gastaldo, Wallnofer, Ikemi, Carruthers, Diamond, Pszywyj, Stetter and others.
Besides clinical research on epilepsy (12, 13), anxiety (14,15, 16), stress (17, 18 19) and psychosomatic
disorders (20, 21, 22, 23), there has been a considerable effort in the extraclinical applications of
autogenic training, such as in psycho-pedagogy, in the mobilization of creativity and in the increase of
resilience (24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29). The recognition that the central brain mechanisms activated by the
standard autogenic exercises are the same involved in the altered consciousness states induced by
oriental meditation techniques prompted comparison studies with these techniques (26, 27, 28, 29, 30,
31). The application of our States of Consciousness Questionnaire (32) is helping to position the
autogenic state in the general map of Consciousness States.
Autogenic training seems to be the safest and most clinically rewarding of all the meditation techniques
studied. It is difficult to ascertain if some severe side effects of oriental techniques are related to the
technique itself or to awkward use by questionable gurus, but we have described two cases of psychosis
precipitated by the practices of a mystical oriental group (33). Likewise, we have detected surprising
training difficulties with some trainees coming from yoga schools, who have to unlearn improper
approaches to passive acceptance in general, and to respiration control in particular. Of course, it may
The International Committee for the Coordination of Clinical Application and Theaching of
Autogenic Therapy (ICAT) held its first meeting in Montreal in 1961 during the third World
Congress of Psychiatry.
1
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be argued that it is unfair to compare the results of autogenic psychotherapy, which in Spain is a
medical and clinical-psychological procedure, with those of the oriental meditation schools, whose aim
is enlightenment or some other mystical achievement. This is true, albeit some practitioner may claim
that autogenic psychotherapy, especially when the most advanced methods are applied, is a safe vehicle
to self-discovery and transcendence. Nevertheless, for the most part, autogenic psychotherapy is taught
and practiced as a clinical procedure.
Fig. 2. Map of States of Conciousness
The term Autogenic Psychotherapy was introduced very early in Spain to cover both basic autogenic
training and the most sophisticated advanced techniques (34). This was not a mere terminological
preference, but the recognition that the Autogenic Approach contains all the elements of a full-fledged
psychotherapeutic procedure. Conceptual comparative studies with psychoanalysis (35,36) and with
behavioral-cognitive therapy (37) revealed many coincidences. The flexibility and comprehensiveness of
Autogenic Psychotherapy enables its practitioner to integrate other approaches, without damage to its
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own core. Based both on clinical practice and on fundamental principles of human functioning,
Autogenic Psychotherapy is an example of integrative psychotherapy, open to growth by apposition of
progressive developments.
Psychic education is an important part of the Spanish way of practicing autogenic psychotherapy.
"Asking an anxious person to relax is cruelty, unless you teach him how" is one of our best known
mottos. The general philosophy is that the trainee-patient is doing his/her own therapy, and the
therapist is merely transmitting the know-how and supervising its application. Other important skills
acquired by the trainee-patient are self observing acceptance which implies learning to differentiate
between brain-directed processes and self-directed processes-, and free association, which implies the
full application of the principle of non-interference to brain directed processes.
As it is taught in Spain, basic autogenic training is maintained in its most pure form, following Schultz
technique as transmitted by Luthe (38). Our particular care on teaching basic concepts is justified by the
frequent confusion of Autogenic Training with hypnosis and with peripheral relaxation techniques (39).
Passive concentration on interoceptive perceptions is not akin to the hypnotic induction of bodily
sensations. The trainee is aware of a sensation that is really present, not fabricating in his imagination
this or that subjective experience. In our view, Basic Autogenic Training is a central relaxation technique,
closer to meditation than to auto-suggestion or to physical relaxation. The six standard exercises are
usually preceded by a preparatory exercise, sometimes called the "cero standard exercise", consisting in
just sitting without doing anything. "Doing nothing" is quite difficult for some people, but it allows the
trainee a firsthand experience of himself. It is the incidental way of learning the difference between
automatic body-mind processes and what one does (more or less) on purpose. Automatic processes
happen by themselves, they are "brain directed", in Luthe´s terminology, and they are to be accepted
without neither interference nor complacency. This experience affords a practical introduction to
"passive acceptance", an ability that seldom, if ever, can be transmitted by books or lectures, by only by
the guidance of a personal teacher. As its related companion, Passive Concentration, both are
sophisticated techniques, such as ice-skating: Impossible to perform if one does not know how to do it,
difficult when the trick is first learned, and as easy as walking, once the process has been mastered
through proper practice.
The development of the advanced autogenic methods in Spain follows closely Luthe´s teachings (40). He
attributed the therapeutic action of autogenic training to an increase of the self regulatory capacities of the
organism, operating through functional modifications in the central nervous system. For a long time it was
noted that patients developed transient "training symptoms" during passive concentration on the autogenic
formulae, but it was not until 1961 that Luthe elaborated on the specific therapeutic value of these
"autogenic discharges" (41) . According to him, autogenic discharges, defined as "short-lived motor, sensory
or psychic manifestations which spontaneously and paroxisticaly appeared during the autogenic state", are
the expression of homeostatic adjustment reactions, aimed to the elimination of pathogenic neuronal
excitation corresponding to memory engrams of traumatic events- both psychological and physical. In
extensive studies, Luthe was able to show a clear correlation between the amount, type and intensity of
autogenic discharges and the complaints, the traumatic history and the clinical course. In order to apply to
full clinical advantage this phenomenon, he developed the neutralization techniques, which culminated in
the autogenic abreaction method. Thus, he introduced a way of dealing with training symptoms, preventing
troublesome discharges to threaten the continuity of treatment, and, at the same time, discovered a
most effective therapeutic method. It is of interest to mention that, through the clinical practice of
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autogenic abreaction, it became clear the damaging psychological effects of physical accidents and invasive
medical procedures, particularly when combined with alteration or loss of consciousness (sedation or
general anesthesia). Minimal neurological lesions cannot be easily detected nor treated by the usual
methods, but autogenic psychotherapy may revert such disruptive psychophysiological after-effects. It is to
the credit of Luthe expanding the indications of autogenic methods beyond the psychological disorders,
and, on the other hand, discovering the psychopathogenetic effects of physical injuries.
Fig 3. Methods of Autogenic Psychotherapy
Autogenic Analysis is a combined modification of both Autogenic Abreaction and Freud´s early cathartic
method (42). Like in Autogenic Abreaction, the therapist refrains from interpreting the contents of the
discourse, while promoting the continuity of the process. Like in psychoanalysis, free-association is the
main technical tool. Passive attention and non-interference to the flow of evolving feelings is an original
aspect of autogenic analysis, which complements the description of visual and somatic discharges
characteristic of autogenic abreaction. Spanish attempts on bridging autogenic training with
psychoanalysis started in 1972, and were first presented in the III World Congress of Psychosomatic
Medicine (Roma, Sept. l975), By the year 2000 the autogenic state was recognized as the "royal road to
the unconscious" and passive acceptance as the real way of learning to free-associate. Autogenic
Analysis was officially presented in the 43 rd. Winter Meeting of the American Academy of
Psychoanalysis in NewYork. Luthe´s Autogenic Abreaction is still been practiced in its pure form in Spain,
as a most accepted method. Other psychoanalytically oriented autogenic approaches, such as
Wallnöfer´s Analytic Advanced Autogenic Training (43, 44), and Ranty´s Progressive Autogenic Training
(45) are increasingly known and practiced. While close to psychoanalysis, the new method of Autogenic
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Analysis fully respects the basic autogenic principle of non-interference, which includes refraining from
interpretations while the patient is in the autogenic state. Autogenic Analysis follows a psycho-educative
approach, teaching the patient to: 1. Induce the autogenic state, 2. Maintain a passive-acceptance
observing attitude, that is, differentiating between "brain directed" phenomena and "patient directed"
phenomena and 3. "Free associate", that is, describing the brain directed phenomena which manifest
themselves in the autogenic state, without allowing interference by patient-directed processes. This
psycho-educative attitude would have been a major improvement to Psychoanalysis, which expects the
patient to discover all by himself how to calm down, how to free-associate and how to integrate his
unconscious processes. We agree that self-discovery and growth is a highly personal task, and that the
therapist cannot tell the patient what to do with his life and what his best choices are. But it makes good
therapeutic sense to teach him the tools and procedures that can assist him on his work of self discovery
and growth. The principle of non-interference applies to the contents of the unconscious, but the way of
getting and dealing with those contents is a technique that can be taught and perfected.
At present, the Spanish school of Autogenic Psychotherapy has achieved international recognition, with
active participation of its members in relevant events organized by other societies (46). Entries by
Spanish authors are included in the Wörterbuch der Psychotherapie, the influential Psychotherapy
Dictionary edited by Pritz and published by Springer Verlag. Our Level One Official Course in Ten Weeks
has been adopted by ICAT as the basic standard for training in Autogenic Psychotherapy.
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Heinrich Schulz zum 100. Geburtstag. Wien: Litteras. 1987 pp. 61-73
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Badalona, 1992
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Rekonstruction (pág. 59), Autogene Verbalisation (pág. 59), Entladungen, Autogene (pág. 165). En:
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