[ABSTRACT] In the last 20 years, psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) has extensively investigated the communicational pathways between cognition and biology. Initially named psychoimmunology by psychiatrist George F. Solomon in the 1960?s and a decade later renamed psychoneuroimmunology by psychologist Robert Ader, PNI has elegantly demonstrated that the immune, nervous and endocrine systems maintain constant and bi-directional communication with cognitive processes. Although, these advances have confir